Government System of Union of Myanmar

Kawlgam Kumpi Kilamzia

               Gam Ki-ukzia(government system) ahih leh presidentialism cipong uh hi. Ahizongin, presidentialism kumpi ki-ukna azang USA te khong tawh lah kibang lozel hi. USA gamah gambup makaipi(the president of the United States of America) in gambup innpi(congress) ii thukimsa khat ama thuneihna(veto power) tawh hemkhia(kantan) thei hi. Tuabanah, gambup innpi(congress/house of representative&senate) kigawm sehli suah sehthum meetang(vote) aval nak leh gambup makaipipa(president) thuneihna(veto power) nial theihna thuneihna neizel uh hi. Kawlgam kumpi ki-ukzia bel presidentialism hizo tataklo-in pseu-do presidentialism ciangbek hi ci’n gamthu lamsang thukhunsiam(consititutionalist) ten gen uh hi. Cihnopna ah, presidentialism tatak hilo-in alangciang(quasi) bekhipan hi.

                    Tuabanah, gambup innpi(union parliament) ii thukimsa thukhun khat pen gambup makaipi(president) in ama thuneihna tawh hepkhiat theihna thuneihna(veto power) gambup thukhunpi(constitution) in phallo hi. Athu kim kei leh suaikailo( no signature) thuhlo ding cih ciang bek hi.



                Ahizongin, gambup thukhunpi in gambup innpi(union parliament,amyotha hluttaw+pyituh hluttaw) ii bawlsathukhun(law) khat pen gambup makaipi(the president of republic of the Union of Myanmar) in mawhpuak lakna(the president is accountable for union parliament) ci ahih manin, banglo khat thunawngkai om leh gambup makaipi in mawhpuak lakna(accountability) neilai hi.Apiandang leuleu khatah, gambup makaipi(president) pen gambup innpi(union parliament) in muanlohna leh deihlohna tawh mawhmatna thusunna(vote of no confidence) aneih uh hangin amau deihloh mawhpaihna tawh gambup makaipipa(president) mawk khawlsak theilo bilbel zel uh hi.

                        By: Bob Tuangpi

Why No Success in Learning Shan Literature and Script

ရွမ္းစာေပသင္ၾကားေရး ႀကိဳးပမ္းမႈ ဘာေၾကာင့္ မေအာင္ျမင္ခဲ့သလဲ (အပိုင္း – ၂)

၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္ ၂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၌ အစိုးရ အေျပာင္းအလဲ ျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္တြင္လည္း ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ အစိုးရအား အဖြဲ႔ဝင္ ၅ ဦးပါေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ျဖင့္ အစားထိုးခဲ့သည္။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီေခတ္ (၁၉၆၂-၇၄) ရွမ္းဦးစီး အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားမွာ ဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ ဦးထြန္းေအး၊ အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားအျဖစ္ ဦးေက်ာ္ေဇာ၊ ဦးအုန္းေဖ၊ ဦးတင္ကိုကို၊ အေရွ႕ပိုင္းတိုင္းစစ္ဌာနခ်ဳပ္၊ တိုင္းမႉး ဗိုလ္မႉးႀကီးေမာင္ေရႊတို႔ ျဖစ္သည္။ ဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔၏ ပထမဆံုး အစည္းအေဝးကို ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္ ၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ က်င္းပၿပီး ယခင္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ အစိုးရ လက္ထက္က မၿပီးျပတ္ခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရး ကိစၥကို ေဆြးေႏြး၍ ရွမ္းအမ်ားစု ေနထိုင္ရာ ေဒသမ်ားရွိ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာကို စိတ္ႀကိဳက္ ဘာသာရပ္အျဖစ္ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဤဆံုး ျဖတ္ခ်က္ကို ၁၉၆၃-၆၄ ပညာသင္ႏွစ္မွ စတင္၍ အေကာင္ အထည္ေဖာ္ရန္ ပညာေရးဌာနသို႔ ၫႊန္ၾကားစာပို႔သည္။ ႐ွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔၏ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္ကို အေကာင္အထည္ ေဖာ္ရန္ ပညာေရးဌာန အေနျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ႏွင့္ မူေဟာင္း ၂ ခု အနက္ မည္သည့္စာျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားရမည္ကို ဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ထံျပန္၍ အစီရင္ခံသည္။ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ သင္ၾကားပါက သင္႐ိုး စာအုပ္မ်ား ရရွိေရးအတြက္ ျပင္ဆင္ရမည္ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကိုလည္း တင္ျပသည္။ အထက္ပါ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔၏ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္သည္ ရွမ္းစာမူကြဲ ၂ ခုျဖစ္သည့္ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ က်ားေခါင္းစာေခၚ မူသစ္တို႔ အၾကား အျငင္းပြားစရာ စတင္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာသည့္ အေၾကာင္းရင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ေစာ္ဘြားမ်ား လက္ထက္က တီထြင္ခဲ့၍ ၁၉၅၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇြန္ ၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ တရားဝင္ ရွမ္းစာအျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳခဲ့ေသာ က်ားေခါင္းစာကို ရွမ္းဦးစီးက လက္မခံႏိုင္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ၁၉၆၆ ဧၿပီ ၂၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစားသစ္သည္ တတ္ကြ်မ္းသူ မရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို ပယ္ဖ်က္သည္၊ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို ႐ံုးသံုးစာ အျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳသည္ဟု ေၾကညာခ်က္ ထုတ္ျပန္သည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို လက္မခံႏိုင္သည့္ အေၾကာင္းရင္းမွာ ရွမ္းဦးစီး အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားသည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္စနစ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္ခဲ့သူမ်ား ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ေစာ္ဘြားမ်ား အတည္ျပဳခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို လမ္မခံႏိုင္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ဥကၠ႒၏ မိန္႔ခြန္းတြင္ က်ားေခါင္းစာ (ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္) သည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ေစာ္ဘြားမ်ား လက္ထက္က တည္ထြင္ခဲ့ေသာစာ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း၊ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္သည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္စနစ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္သျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို အသံုးျပဳျခင္းမွ ပိတ္ပင္ခဲ့ရေၾကာင္း ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္ႏွင့္ မူေဟာင္း ျပႆနာေၾကာင့္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာ မသင္ရေသာ္လည္း ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေကာင္စီ အစိုးရ လက္ထက္ (၁၉၆၂-၇၄) တြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ စာမတတ္သူ ပေပ်ာက္ေရး စီမံကိန္းအရ တကၠသိုလ္ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား ဦးစီး၍ ေႏြေက်ာင္းပိတ္ရက္မ်ားအတြင္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်းလက္ေဒသမ်ား သို႔သြားေရာက္၍ “အ” ၃ လံုး သင္တန္းမ်ား ပို႔ခ်ခဲ့သည္။ တကၠသိုလ္ႏွင့္ ေကာလိပ္မ်ားရွိ ရွမ္းတိုင္းရင္းသား စာေပႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ ေကာ္မတီမွ ရွမ္း ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကလည္း ေႏြရာသီ ေက်ာင္းပိတ္ရက္မ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းေက်းလက္ ေတာရြာေဒသမ်ားသို႔ သြားေရာက္ကာ “မ” ၅ လံုး သင္တန္းမ်ား ဖြင့္၍ ရွမ္းစာကို သင္ၾကားေပးသည္။ က်ားေခါင္းစာေခၚ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ျဖင့္ သင္သည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို လက္မခံႏိုင္ေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို ျပ႒ာန္းစာ အျဖစ္သင္ၾကားရန္ စီစဥ္ေနစဥ္ ရန္ကုန္၊ မႏၲေလး တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေတာင္ႀကီးေကာလိပ္တို႔မွ ရွမ္းစာေပႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ အသင္း ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားသည္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ဥကၠ႒ႏွင့္ ေတြ႔ဆံုၿပီး ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားခြင့္ ျပဳရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုၾကသည္။ ၎တို႔သည္ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီ ဗဟိုေကာ္မတီႏွင့္ပါ ေတြ႔ဆံု၍ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္၌ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားခြင့္ရရန္ တင္ျပခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔သည္ ၁၉၆၉ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္န၀ါရီ ၁၃ မွ ၁၅ ရက္ေန႔ အထိ ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ႕၌ ရွမ္းစာေပ ညီလာခံႀကီး တခုကို က်င္းပခဲ့ၿပီး ထိုညီလာခံသို႔ ရွမ္းျပည္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ အသီးသီးမွ ရွမ္းစာေပ ပညာရွင္ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္မွ ရွမ္းကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ တကၠသိုလ္ ေကာလိပ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသား ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ ရွမ္းသံဃာ အစည္းအ႐ံုးမွ သံဃာ့ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီမွ တာဝန္ရွိ ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ား တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့သည္။ စာေပညီလာခံ အဖြင့္မိန္႔ခြန္းတြင္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ဝင္ တဦးလည္းျဖစ္ေသာ အေရွ႕ပိုင္းတိုင္း စစ္ဌာနခ်ဳပ္ တိုင္းမႉးက တိုင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳးစုမ်ား အေပၚထားရွိေသာ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီ၏ သေဘာထားကို ေျပာဆိုခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေျပာဆိုခ်က္တြင္ တိုင္းရင္းသား အားလံုး၏ ခ်စ္ၾကည္ရင္းႏွီးမႈ မထိခိုက္ေစရန္၊ အစိုးရကလည္း တိုင္းရင္းသားစာေပကို သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ေဒသမ်ား၌ မူလတန္း အထိ သင္ၾကားခြင့္ ျပဳပါေၾကာင္း ပါဝင္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ရွိ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသား အတြက္ ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားႏိုင္ရန္မွာ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) အျငင္းပြားမႈ အေပၚ၌ မူတည္လ်က္ ရွိသည္။ အဆိုပါ ျပႆနာအား ေျပလည္ေစရန္ ညီလာခံသို႔ တက္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ရွမ္းသံဃာ့ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ ၂ မ်ိဳးအနက္ မည္သည့္ စာကိုမွ် မပယ္ဖ်က္ဘဲ ၂ မ်ိဳးစလံုးကို လက္ခံရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့သည္။ ၎တို႔ တင္ျပသည္မွာ ျမန္မာျပည္မ ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီး ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ျမန္မာသင္ပုန္းႀကီးစာကို ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီးေက်ာင္း သင္႐ိုးစာအျဖစ္ သင္ၿပီး အစိုးရေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ေခတ္သစ္ ျမန္မာစာကို သင္႐ိုးအျဖစ္ သင္ေၾကာင္း၊ ဤစာေပ ၂ ခု၌ မည္သည့္ ျပႆနာမွ မေပၚေပါက္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း တင္ျပခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ဥကၠ႒က ညီလာခံ လာတက္ၾကေသာ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေတာ္ႀကီးမ်ားသည္ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို လက္ခံပါက ၎စာကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္၊ အစိုးရ႐ံုးမ်ားႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံရာတြင္လည္း အသံုးျပဳခြင့္ႏွင့္ တရားဝင္စာ အျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳရန္ အမိန္႔ထုတ္ျပန္မည္ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္းစာေပႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈအသင္း ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ရွမ္းဦးစီးဥကၠ႒၏ တင္ျပခ်က္ကို ပယ္ခ်ၿပီး ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ကို ပယ္ဖ်က္သည့္ အမိန္႔ကို ျပန္လည္ ႐ုပ္သိမ္းရန္ႏွင့္ ၎စာကို ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာ အျဖစ္ ျပ႒ာန္းေပးရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ၎တို႔က ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ ဖ်က္သိမ္းသည့္ အမိန္႔ကို မ႐ုပ္သိမ္းပါက ဆက္လက္ မေဆြးေႏြးႏိႈင္ဟု ဆိုၿပီး ညီလာခံကို သပိတ္ေမွာက္ခဲ့ၾကသျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာေပ ညီလာခံႀကီးမွာ မည္သည့္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္မွ မခ်မွတ္ႏိႈင္ဘဲ ရပ္ဆိုင္းခဲ့ရသည္။ ရွမ္းတိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ၎တို႔၏ စာေပသင္ၾကားခြင့္ ရရွိေရးမွာလည္း ဆံုး႐ံႈးခဲ့ရပါသည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ကို လက္မခံေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ထပ္မံ၍ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္တခုကို ျပဳစုရန္ ရွမ္းစာ ေကာ္မတီကို ဖြဲ႔စည္းလိုက္သည္။ ဤေကာ္မတီမွ ျပဳစုလိုက္ေသာ ရွမ္းစာကို “ဦးစီးစာ” ဟုေခၚ၍ ဗ်ည္း ၁၉ လံုး၊ အရံဗ်ည္း ၄လံုး၊ သရ ၁၂ လံုး၊ အသံသေကၤတ ၆ ခုျဖင့္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းထားသည္။ ၎ရွမ္းစာျဖင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ၾကားရန္ ဆံုးျဖတ္၍ ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားႏိုင္မည့္ ေက်ာင္းအေရအတြက္၊ ေက်ာင္းသား ဦးေရႏွင့္ ဆရာ အေရအတြက္ တို႔ကို တင္ျပရန္ ပညာေရးဌာနအား ညႊန္ၾကားခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းဦးစီး အဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားေရး အတြက္ စီစဥ္ေနစဥ္ ၁၉၇၄ တြင္ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီ အာဏာရရွိ လာၿပီး၊ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔အား ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီျဖင့္ အစားထိုးဖြဲ႔စည္းခဲ့သည္။ အဆိုပါေကာင္စီအဖြဲ႔ ကလည္း ရွမ္းစာကိစၥႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ၁၉၇၆ တြင္ ေကာ္မတီတခုကို ဖြဲ႔စီး၍ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္မ်ားမွ အမ်ားလက္ခံႏိုင္ေသာ မူတခု ေရြးရန္၊ ရွမ္းစာေရးထံုးကို တိတိက်က်သတ္မွတ္ရန္၊ ၁၉၇၇၊ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလကို ေနာက္ဆံုးထား၍ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ တခုကို ၿပီးစီးေအာင္ ျပဳစုရန္ႏွင့္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီ သို႔တင္ျပရန္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေစသည္။ ေကာ္မတီမွ တင္ျပေသာ ရွမ္းစာမူအား ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီက ဧၿပီ ၁၉၇၇ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ သင္ၾကားရန္ အတည္ျပဳသည္။ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီသည္ ရွမ္းစာ ေကာ္မရွင္ကိုလည္း ၁၉၈၀ ခုႏွစ္၊ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလတြင္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေကာ္မရွင္က ရွမ္းျပည္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီ လက္ခံအတည္ျပဳထားေသာ ရွမ္းစာကို လူထုအတြင္းျဖန္႔ရန္၊ ၁၉၈၀-၈၁ စာသင္ႏွစ္အတြက္ ရွမ္းစာသင္႐ိုး စာအုပ္မ်ား ပံုႏွိပ္ရန္၊ လက္ကမ္းစာေစာင္မ်ား၊ ဂ်ာနယ္မ်ားကို ပံုႏွိပ္ထုတ္ေဝရန္တို႔ကို တာဝန္ယူေဆာင္ရြက္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားႏိုင္ရန္ ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာအုပ္ ပံုႏွိပ္ထုတ္ေဝေရးသည္ ပဓာန က်ေသာကိစၥ ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီက အတည္ျပဳလိုက္ေသာ ရွမ္းစာျဖင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္ ၁၉၈၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇူလိုင္ ၁၈ တြင္ အမိန္႔ စာထုတ္ျပန္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ထိုအတည္ျပဳလိုက္ေသာ စာျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားရန္ ရွမ္းစာဆရာမ်ားအား သင္တန္းပို႔ခ်ရန္ လိုအပ္သျဖင့္ ပညာေရး ဌာနက ၁၉၈၅ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရွမ္းစာဆရာမ်ားအတြက္ အခ်ိန္တို မြမ္းမံသင္တန္းကို၊ လား႐ိႈး၊ ေတာင္ႀကီး၊ က်ိဳင္းတံုၿမိဳ႕မ်ား၌ ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့ၿပီး ရွမ္းစာသင္ဆရာ ေတာင္ႀကီး၌ ၄၄ ဦး၊ က်ိဳင္းတံု ၂၂ ဦး၊ လား႐ိႈး ၅၀ ဦး စုစုေပါင္း ၁၁၆ ဦး တို႔ တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ ၁၉၅၀ မွ စတင္ခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရး စီမံကိန္းမွာ ၁၉၈၅ ခုႏွစ္ အထိ အေကာင္အထည္ မေပၚႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။ ရွမ္းစာကို အဓိကထား သင္ၾကားေသာ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္၏ ပညာေရးစနစ္သည္ ေရွးယခင္ကပင္ ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီးေက်ာင္း ပညာေရး ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဤစနစ္သည္ အဂၤလိပ္တို႔ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ကို သိမ္းပိုက္ၿပီးေသာ ၁၈၈၆ မွ ၁၉၂၂ ခုႏွစ္ အထိ တည္ရွိခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ၁၉၂၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေကာင္စီကို ဖြဲ႔စည္းေသာ အခါမွသာလွ်င္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္၌ အစိုးရ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားကို ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားေရးကိစၥမွာ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေကာင္စီ၏ တာဝန္ ျဖစ္လာပါသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ေကာင္စီ၌ ပါဝင္ေသာ ရွမ္းေစာ္ဘြား အမ်ားစုက ရွမ္းစာသည္ ဗ်ည္းအကၡရာ မျပည့္စံု၍ တိက်ျခင္း မရွိ၊ ဖတ္မႈ နားလည္ရန္ ခက္သည္ဟု ဆိုၿပီး ၁၉၄၀ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို တီထြင္ျပန္သည္။ ဤစာကို လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီး ၁၉၅၃ ခုႏွစ္မွသာလွ်င္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ အစိုးရက ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ၾကားရန္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခဲ့ သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရး ကိစၥသည္ ပထမဦးစြာ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ရွမ္းေကာင္စီ၏ တာဝန္ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ လြတ္လပ္ေရး ရၿပီးေနာက္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး အာဏာ ရရွိလာေသာ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္အစိုးရ (၁၉၄၈-၁၉၆၂) သည္ ဒုတိယ တာဝန္ရွိလာပါသည္။ ၎အစိုးရက ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရးကို ဆံုးျဖတ္၍ အမိန္႔ထုတ္ျပန္ခဲ့ ေသာ္လည္း ၁၉၆၀ ခုႏွစ္ အထိ ေက်ာင္းသံုး စာအုပ္ႏွင့္ ရွမ္းစာသင္ဆရာမ်ား ျပည္စံုစြာရရွိေရး မေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေကာင္စီအစိုးရ တက္လာၿပီးေနာက္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည္ကိုလည္း တကၠသိုလ္မ်ား ရွမ္းစာေပ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈအသင္း ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ကန္႔ကြက္ခဲ့သျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ အျငင္းပြားမႈ ျပႆနာမွာ မေျဖရွင္းႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ကို လက္မခံ ႏိုင္ေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးသည္ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္တခုကို ထပ္မံျပဳစု၏။ ၎ကို ရွမ္းဦးစီးစာ ဟုေခၚသည္။ တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသား ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား ကလည္း မူသစ္မ်ားကို ထပ္မံ၍ ျပဳစုၾကၿပီး ရွမ္းစာသီေပါမူ၊ ေဒသတကာသံုး ရွမ္းစာ ဟူ၍ ထြက္ေပၚလာ၏။ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္မ်ားကို ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ပါက ရွမ္းဦးစီးစာႏွင့္ ေဒသတကာသံုး ရွမ္းစာမွလြဲ၍ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္း၊ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ႏွင့္ သီေပါရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္တို႔မွာ ျခားနားမႈ အနည္းငယ္သာ ရွိ၍ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္တြင္ ဗ်ည္းသရႏွင့္ အသံသေကၤတ တို႔ကိုပို အသံုးျပဳလာသည္ကို ေတြ႔ရပါသည္။ ေရးထံုးမွာ ျခားနားမႈ မရွိပါ။ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ အျငင္းပြားမႈတြင္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးက ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္သည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ လက္ထက္က ျပဳစုခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းစာ ျဖစ္သည့္အတြက္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအရ လက္မခံႏိုင္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ား ကိုယ္တိုင္ ရွမ္းပေဒသရာဇ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္ခဲ့ေသာ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ပါတီမ်ားမွ ျဖစ္ေနျခင္း၊ အာဏာသိမ္းခဲ့သည့္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီသည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ႏွင့္ အရင္းရွင္စနစ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္ကာ ဆိုရွယ္လစ္လမ္းစဥ္သို႔ ဦးတည္သည့္ အစိုးရျဖစ္ျခင္း တို႔ေၾကာင့္ ပေဒသရာဇ္တို႔၏ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခ်က္မ်ားကို လက္မခံႏိုင္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းကို လက္မခံႏိုင္ေသာ ေခတ္ပညာတတ္ ရွမ္းမ်ားက ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းသည္ အကၡရာအသံ သေကၤတမ်ား မျပည့္စံု၊ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ စာလံုးတလံုးတြင္ အသံထြက္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးထြက္ႏိုင္ သကဲ့သို႔ အဓိပၸာယ္လည္း အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ေကာက္ယူႏိုင္သည္။ ထိုသို႔ တိက်မႈ မရွိ၊ သိပၸံနည္း မက်ေသာ ရွမ္းစာကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ၾကားရန္ လက္မခံႏိုင္ဟု ဆို၍ အျပင္းအထန္ကန္႔ကြက္ၾကပါသည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ခြင့္ မရေသာ္လည္း ေႏြရာသီ ေက်ာင္းပိတ္ရက္မ်ား၌ တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္း ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား ဦးစီးၿပီး ႏွစ္စဥ္ ရွမ္းျပည္ ေက်းလက္ေဒသမ်ား၌ “မ” ၅ လံုး သင္တန္းမ်ား ဖြင့္၍ ရွမ္းစာကို မူသစ္ျဖင့္ တႏွစ္လွ်င္ တလတာမွ် သင္ၾကားေပးၾကပါသည္။ ႏွစ္စဥ္ ဤသို႔ သင္တန္းမ်ား ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့ရာ ရွမ္းလူငယ္အမ်ားစု ရွမ္းစာကို တတ္ေျမာက္လာၾက ပါသည္။ တခ်ိန္တည္းမွာပင္ ရွမ္းပံုႏွိပ္တိုက္ မ်ားေပၚေပါက္လာကာ ဝတၳဳ၊ ေဆာင္းပါးမ်ား၊ သီခ်င္းစာအုပ္မ်ား၊ စာေစာင္မ်ား ထြက္ရွိလာပါသည္။ ဤသို႔တိုးတက္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာမႈသည္ ေရွး ရွမ္းစာ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈဓေလ့ကို တျဖည္းျဖည္း ေမွးမွိန္ ေစခဲ့ပါသည္။ (ဆက္လက္ေဖာ္ျပပါမည္) (စိုင္းခမ္းမိုင္းသည္ ရန္ကုန္ အေျခစိုက္ သမိုင္းဆရာတဦး ျဖစ္သည္။ ၁၉၇၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ မႏၲေလးတကၠသိုလ္မွ သမိုင္းအထူးျပဳျဖင့္ မဟာ၀ိဇၨာဘြဲ႔ ရရွိခဲ့ၿပီးေနာက္ ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္အထိ မႏၲေလး တကၠသိုလ္၊ ရန္ကုန္ တကၠသို္လ္၊ မိတၳီလာ ေကာလိပ္တို႔တြင္ နည္းျပအျဖစ္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ လက္ေထာက္ ကထိက အျဖစ္လည္းေကာင္း တာ၀န္ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ၿပီး ၁၉၈၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဆႏၵအရ အလုပ္မွ ႏုတ္ထြက္ခဲ့သည္။ ႏိုင္ငံျခား တကၠသိုလ္ တခ်ိဳ႕တြင္လည္း သုေတသီ ပညာရွင္အျဖစ္ လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့သည္။) Irrwaddy

Kawlgam A Uk Taktak Kua Hiam?

Nung abeisa 2015 gambup kiteelpi (general election) khit ah gam ukna nei (USDP) leh NLD makaih Kumpi thakte January 2016 sungin aluite tawh panmun kilaihna nei uh a, February 1,2016 akipan mai kum (5) sung gam-ukna / thuneihnate lenin hong makaih ding uh hi. Hih a kilaih ding vai tawh kisai-in kumpi sem laitakte le a gualzo NLD (opposition party,NLD) te kikal ah makaite ahun zui in kimuhkhopna (key player) nei den uh a, lungkim huai takin vaipuak le panmunte kipia tuah dingin thuhoih vive tawh holimna nei den uh hi.

Hih bangin thuhoih lahoih vive tawh akihonate hangun Kawlgam mpite lungdam mahmah in, Kawlgam mai lam nino suak bangin nuntak gimnam kisa ciat hi. Kum tampi sung galkap thuneihna / thaumuk tawh kimakaihna panin, mipite' thuneihna tawh kimaihna/ukna thak ah kilut taktak ta ding suak ahih manin, Kumpi thak asem dingte in zong panmun limtak lak mahmah kisam dinga, tua manin March 2016 kha bei kuan ciangin nasep kipanthei pan bek ding uh hi.

Kumpi Kahthak Dingte In Bang Zah Ciang Kikhelna Piangsakzo Ding Hiam?

 

Hih thu igen ding ciangin, Kawlgam  ii thukhunpi(constitution) neih ngei thum teng igen masak kul ding hi. Kawlgam in (1947 constitution,1974 constitution leh 2008 constitution)gambup thukhunpi(3)kinei hi. Amasa penpen thukhunpi pen upadi siam kawl mipilte leh mualmi mipilte’n aminvawhna vuah, Kawl minamte aituam phattuamna dingin kigelh hi (one group show) ci’n minvawh uh hi. Anihna gambup thukhunpi pen U Ne Win leh a party Burma Socialist Program party gualtung tuanna ding bekin kigelh hi (one party show) ci leuleu uh hi. Athumna tulaitak i zat thukhunpi (2008) leuleu ciangin innkuan khat mimal khat hamphatna ding leh thuneihna ding bekin kigelh hi(one man show) ci’n i neih thukhunpi thumte akantelna pan-un upadi siam ten minvawh liang uh hi. Tua ahih manin hong tung ding kum(5) sung i kuakua in gam makaipi (president) asem zongin gam khat akhantohna dingin muibun takin asep theihlohna dingin thu tawh kikhih lingleng ahihi. Tulaitak Kawlgam ukna kilamzia ah (2008) thukhunpi siksanin kilam kikalsuansuan lai ahih mah bangin, tua kantan / palsat in bang mah kisem thei tuanlo ding ahi hi.

 

 

Gambup Dalna Leh Kepcinna Nei Council (National Defence and Security Council)

 

Hih Kipawlnapi Council ah member (11) kihel  a, tuate in; (1) Gam makaipipa/nu (president), (2)vice president-1, (3)vice president-2, (4) Galkap mangpipa, (5) Galkap mangpipa huh, (6) Mipi dawl Innpi Thuzeekpipa (speaker of house of representative/lower house), (7) Minam dawl Innpi thuzeekpipa (Speaker of House of Nationalities/ Upper House), (8) Galkap vuangyi pa(Union Minister of Defence Services), (9) Gamsung lamsai vuangyi (Union Minister of Home Affairs), (10) Gamgi lamsai vuangyi pa(Union Minister of Border Affairs le (11) Gamdang lamsai vuangyi (Union Minister of Foreign Affairs) cih bangin member / Department lianpi 11 nei uh hi.

 

 

Hih council pen gam-uk kumpi lam panin (union government) pan mihing (5) hi a, galkap mangpipa lampan ama seh mihing (6)kihel uh hi. Tuate in: Union mister of defence services, union minister of border affairs, union minister of home affairs, commander- in -chief leh deputy commander –in- chief teng uh hi a, gam-uk kumpi lam pan sangin mimal(1)tamzaw uh hi. Hih council pen kha(1) atawm pen nihvei ta bang meeting nei uh hi. Gambup vai thupi tuamtuamte ah galvai savaite hih council member teng khensatna tawh asia apha akip ahi hi. Hih council ah galkap lampan meetang (vote) (6)nei uh hi. Gam makaipipa(union president) ahih leh meekhia theilo dingin, aman thuzeekpi(chairperson) bek semthei hi a, meetang a langnih-in thukimna le thukimlohna ah meetang akikim leh bek meetang pia thei pan ding hi, cih thukhunpi ah om hi.

 

 

Tua ahih manin athupi khensatna a om sialin galkap lamte in zoden keii ding cihnopna ahi hi. A tungah i gensa vuangyi thumte ahi, union minister for defence services, union minister for border affairs leh union minister for home affairs cihte galkap mangpa in ama deihdeih sehthei ziauziau aa, president in sehtheihna thuneilo hi. Tuabanah galkap mangpipa (commander-in-chief of defence services) in gamkee state&region khempeuhah ukna lam vaipuak la dingin (minister of border affairs) khat tek,a zaneu penpen colonel level) khattek ama thu tawh ama deih bangbangin galkap khat koih thei ziauziau lai hi. Tua border affairs minister galkap pa in galkap mangpipa tawh a-ut hunhun in(direct) kihothei ziauziau-in thuzaksakna (report) pia den hi.

 

 

State&region makaipi(prime minister) te in ama uk-na gamkee (state&region) sungah thukin (gtna:Rakhine state) vai bang dante ah ama thu tawh bangmah thukhensatna piatheilo-in, hih border affair minister pa thukimpihna bek tawh galkap mangpa cih bang bangin thu kikhensat ahihi. Hih border affair minister sem galkappa pen, gamsung lamsai vuangyi pa(union minister for home affairs) pa khutnuai ah om aa, tua pa pen galkap mangpipa in ama deih bangbang akoih hilai hi. 2008 gambup thukhunpi ah, Kawlgambup aa om thautawi khempeuh in gambup galkap mangpipa(commander-in-chief of defence services) khutnuai ah om ding hi, cih thu ahihi. Gam sung cing ahi palik (Myanmar police force) khempeuh leh amakaipipa zong galkap mangpipa’ khutnuai mah ah om ahi hi. Atatak in hih palik pen (Myanmar police force) gamdang dan hi le amah le amah aki-vaisai (independent body) ding ahi hi.

 

 

2008 thukhunpi ah gam makaipi (president) in hih council member khempeuh thukimpihna tawh galkap mangpipa (commander-in-chief of defence services) khat seh ding hi, ci’n thukhunpi khenpi (324) ah ci hi. 2008 thukhunpi ah, gam makaipi(president) in gambup ii lutangpi(head of the State) gambup kumpi makaipi(head of government),avaang nei pen leh asang pen dinmun ngah hi ci napi’n, a thupi khensatna khempeuh hih atung ah i gen council member teng thukimna vote akhai uh teh  azozaw (meetang tamzaw) lam thukimna bek tawh vai kihawmthei bek ahihi.

 

 

Gam makaipipa  in ama thuneihna tawh thongkiate suahtakna pia theilo (the president has no power to grant
Amnesty) gamdang gam khat tawh gal kido ding, kilem ding khentatna pia theilo(the president has no power to declare war on other country), ama thu tawh gam khat leh gam khat kizopna khawlsak theilo (the president has no power to cut off diplomacy) leh gambup thukin tangko theihna(a state of emergency) neilo hi cih 2008 thukhunpi khenpi(204,b) na ah gen hi.

 

A khawk mahmah khat ah, gamsungah buaina mipi sona (popular uprising) nasia mahmah dingin gam sung gam lumna,ngongtatna cihte a om leh gambup makaipi(union president) in a thuneihna khempeuh(political power) kici (executive power,legislative power,judiciary power) khempeuh galkap mangpipa ka ap hi cih, lai suaksak ding aa, tua hun akipan galkap mangpipa in gam sungah daihna om ta hi ci’n kiteelpi (general election) a omsak kik dong ukna aana (sovereign power) khempeuh len ding hi. Tua pen 2008 constitution in galkapte a aituam piak hamphatna hi aa, tua bang ahih pen thutang (official) hi hilai hi.

 

 

Gambup Makaipipa (President) Sehtan Hawm theihna:

Gambup makaipi(president) ahih leh agualzo party(pyituh hluttaw&amyotha hluttaw) kigawmin teelcing taangmi (MP) khempeuh ii vote tam ngah penpenpa ahihi. Amyotha Hluttaw pan vice-president khat ki sehto aa, Pyituh Hluttaw pan vice-president khat kisehin, galkap taangmi teng aitaangin galkap mangpipa in ama deih penpen khat vice-president seh thei hi. Tua teng thum pen gambup innpi ahi Pyitaungsuh Hluttaw(Union parliament) aa teelcing taangmi khempeuh in meetang khai ding uh a, meetang a tamngah penpen gambup makaipi (president) hipah ding hi. Meetang atam ngah pen nihna pa ahih leh vice-president-1, atawm ngah penpen ahih leh vice-president-2, hi ding hi.

 

Tua khit tak teh gambup makaipipa (president) in ama deih bangbang party kibangin kibang keizong, teelcing taangmi ahih teekteek kisamlo-in ama deih bangbang vuanzii(cabinet ministers) la ding aa, tuateng in muntuamtuam (department)ah vuanzii (union minister) sem sak ding hi. Tua teng banah gualzo party ii sehtoh ahi gambup makaipi (president) in gamkee (state&region) makaipi ding(prime minister) ama deih bangbang koih ziauziau thei ding a, tua akoih makaipi (prime minister) in mun tuamtuam ah (ministry) tengah makai sem dingin ama deih bangbang makai khattek(state&region minister) koih thei leuleu ding hi. Tua banah minam innpi(amyotha hluttaw) leh mipi innpi(pyituh hluttaw) thuzekpi leh ahuh ding (speaker&deputy speaker) gambup ah tutna tam ngah penpen agualzo party ii sehtoh gambup makaipipa (president) in asehtheih banah gamkee(state&region) khempeuh innpi(parliament) ah thuzekpi leh thuzeekpi huh (speaker&deputy speaker) amau deih bangbang sehtheihna thunei hi.

 

 

Kawlgam Kumpi Kilamzia (Government System of Union of Myanmar):

 

 

Gam Ki-ukzia(government system) ahih leh presidentialism cipong uh hi. Ahi zongin, presidentialism kumpi ki-ukna azang USA te khong tawh lah kibang lozel hi. USA gamah gambup makaipi(the president of the United States of America) in gambup innpi (Congress) ii thukimsa khat ama thuneihna (Veto power) tawh hemkhia / kantan) thei hi. Tua banah gambup innpi (Congress/House of Representative & Senate) kigawm sehli suah sehthum meetang (vote) aval nak leh gambup makaipipa (President) thuneihna (veto power) nial theihna thuneihna nei zel uh hi.

 

 

Kawlgam kumpi ki-ukzia bel presidentialism hizo tatak loin, Pseu-do Presidentialism ciang bek hi ci’n gamthu lamsang thukhunsiamna nei (Consititutionalist) te'n gen uh hi. Cihnopna ah Presidentialism tatak hilo-in alang ciang(Quasi) bek hipan hi. Tua banah gambup innpi (Union Parliament) ii thukimsa thukhun khat pen gambup makaipi(president) in ama thuneihna tawh hepkhiat theihna thuneihna(veto power) gam bup thukhunpi (Constitution) in phallo hi. A thukim kei leh suaikailo (No signature) thuh lo ding cih ciang bek ahi hi. Ahi zongin gambup thukhunpi in gambup innpi (Union Parliament -amyotha hluttaw+pyituh hluttaw) ii bawlsa thukhun (law) khat pen gambup makaipi (The President of Republic of the Union of Myanmar) in mawhpuak lakna (the president is accountable for union parliament) ci ahih manin, banglo khat thunawngkai om leh gambup makaipi-in mawhpuak lakna (Accountability) neilai hi. Apiandang leuleu khatah, gambup makaipi (President) pen gambup innpi (Union Parliament) in muanlohna leh deihlohna tawh mawhmatna thusunna (Vote of no confidence) aneih uh hangin, amau deihloh mawhpaihna tawh gambup makaipipa (president) mawk khawlsak theilo bilbel zel uh hi. Tua ahih manin, gambup innpi (pyitaungsuh hluttaw/union parliament) pen thupi mahmah hi, kicithei hi.

 

 

Thukhupna:

Gam-uk makaipi(union president) in amuibun tatak thuneihna neilo aa, galkapte thukimpihna lo tawh bang bangin mipi in i teelcing taangmi (MP) a diandian uh hang mipi khut sungah gam-uk thuneihna (political power of civilian government) hong tun ding sawt simsim khat i ngak lai kul ding hi. Mual dawn aa aksipi tang kiaukiau galmuh bangin suahtakna, khantohna, itna leh pilna tawh kimakaih gam khat i suahna ding bel khangluite pau le mualmong et tawh kibang lai kha ding hi.
By: Bob Tuangpi (Mauvom)

Kawlgam President Thak Liklek U Htin Kyaw Taangthu

Kum 70 a upa, Kawlgam President Thak likkek U Htin Kyaw pen Mon sisan leh Kawl sisan kihel khat hi-in 1946 July 20 in Yangon Division,Kungyangon Myo ah suak hi.Apa U MinThu Wun pen Kawlgam sung ah (Poet) laigelh siam in a minthang khat a hihi.Apa MinThu Wun pen 1990 kum kiteelna ah NLD Party te ii Kungyangon Myone Pyituh Luatdaw Kusale a hihi.

U Htin Kyaw pen Pi Aung San Suh Kyi tawh akibang in English Methodist Missionary High School Yangon ah Highschool na kah khawm ngei uh aa,1962 kum in Yangon University ah pilna sim in 1968 Kum tak ciang in Sipuazi buaih M.Econ tawh sang hong man hi.

1971-1972 Kum in Institute of Computer Science, University of London England gam ah sangvakah in Computer Science tawh sang hong man in,1973 Kum tak ciang in azi Daw Su Su Lwin tawh hong kiteeng hi.

1974 Kum in Japan gam Tokyo khuapi ah Asia Electronics Union ah Computer lam tawh kisai pilna sim in sang vakah hi.1974-75 Kum in Yangon University pan in M.Sc Computer Science tawh sang hong man hi.

1975-80 Kum dong Heavy Industries Corporation, No. 2 Industrial Ministry ah Deputy Division Chief hong sem hi.1987 Kum in Arthur DeLittle, Management Education Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts ah pilna sim in vapai hi.

1980-92 Kum dong (Foreign Economic Relations Dept, Planning and Treasury Ministry) ah Deputy Director hong sem hi.1992 Kum in FERD Deputy Director asepna pan in anasep khawlsan in ama thu in na tawp hi.

Kum 2000 Kum in Pi ASSK Mandalay Khuapi ah Campaign bawl ding in apailai in Kawl Kumpi te in phallo uh a hih man in khaktan in amat gawp lai un,U Htin Kyaw zong kiman in Insein Gilbem sung ah atuam vilvel in Kha 4 sung Gilbem ah ki-khum hi.

U Htin Kyaw pen NLD Party aki-phot tung aa kipan leh Pi ASSK Inn huangpi sung ah akikhum cip hun sung tawmtung khempeuh hun sung in Pi ASSk ngei nai ah om in,Pi ASSK kisapna vai tuamtuam te ah ahuh den leh apanpih den khat a hihi.Tuakhit ban ah Daw Khin Kyi Foundation kipawlna akiphotcil tung aa kipan tuni dong member khat in mapang in nasep ana huh den khat a hihi.Pi ASSK gen na ah U Htin Kyaw pen Thuman Citak leh (Discipline) Sikan zui in agamta khat a hih ban ah Kawlgam level leh Leitung level ii Zahtaak huai asak uh mipil khat a hih na tawh Kumpi ding in katel a hihi ci hi.

Tutung 2016 Kumpi kiteelna ah NLD Party ai-taang in Kumpi dending in teelkhiatna na hong ngah ahih man in tutung 2016 March 15 ni in Kawlgam Kumpi kiteelna ah Vote piathei mi 652 a om na lak ah Vote 360 tawh na gualzo pikpek a hih man in (Kawlgam) Republic of Union of Myanmar ii President 9 na hong suak a hihi.

Lungdam,

Ref:VOA English.

Kawlgam Parliamentary Democracy - C.Thang Za Tuan

Eimi Henry Van Thio in Vice President hong ngah pen i kipak mahmah hi.

Kawlgam ah Parliamentary Democracy in ki-uk hun (1948-1962 Mar.) sungin, suahtak nading geelna hun pek  leh First Constitution suaih lai in Independence ngah khit ciangin  gambup President ding pen  minam nam 5 zui in in abanban in kikheel ding hihang(Rotation) cih Founding Fathers ten kithukim uh hi.

 Tua ahih man in ..
Amasa in Sao Shwe Taik (Shan); 
Anihna Dr. Ba U (Kawl); 
A thumna Mahn Win Maung (Kazian) te in Thamada (President) ong sem uh hi.
 A lina ding Sama Duwa Sinwa Naung (Kachin) kiteel khin napi Kumpi ong kikheel ciangin thu paizia kilaih in Kachinte President suak manlo hi. 

Amau khit a ei Zomi (Chin) President asuakding hun ong tung nonlo hi. 

C.Thang Za Tuan

Kawlgam Kumpi Ding Tawh Ki Sai

Kawlgam kumpi ding tawh kisai.

Kawlgam kumpi ding teelkhiat theihna ding in kumpi nihna (vice president) 3 kiteel masa ding hi. Pyithuh Hluttaw in 1, Ahmyotha Hluttaw in 1, leh kawl galkap in 1 avek aa gawm 3 ahi hi.

Tua kumpi nihna ding ahi mi 3 akiteel theih nading in tulaitak in NLD in mi 2, USDP in mi 2 leh kawl galkap te'n mi 1 avek in mi 5 tengkhia khin ta hi.

Tua mi 5 teng kumpi ding in kilawm kituak takpi hiam cih asittel ding in Kumpi Sittel Committee kiphuan aa tua committee in a sittel khit ciang in Pyithuh Hluttaw leh Amyotha Hluttaw te puak kik ding uh aa tua Hluttaw te in amau' satan ciat ateel khiat khit uh ciang un a kigawmna uh ahi Pyidaungsu Hluttaw ah puak tek ding uh aa Pyidaungsu Hluttaw ii atamzaw deihna angah penpen in kumpi za ngah ding hi.

Kumpi Sittel Committee ah mi 7 om hi. Tua mi 7 lak ah mi 5 NLD te hi.

Hluttaw te ah zong NLD tamzaw pek hi.

Tua ahih man in NLD  ii piak peuhpeuh in ngah ding hi.

NLD in Htin Kyaw leh Pu Henry Van Thio teel hi. Htin Kyaw in kumpi za hong ngah ding aa Henry in kumpi nihna hong ngah ding in ki lam en tek hi.

Pu Henry Van Thio kua ahiam ?

- Amah pen kawl galkap lui hi. 
- Ong nusiasa Aung Thaung ii khut zat mahmah khat hi. 
- Tan 10 ong phet galkap lut hi aa OTS pan hi.
- A degree ngah te pen a gallak (distance tawh angah) vive hi.
- Amah pen UPC pawlpi mi hi aa biakna lam zong thahat hi.
- A UPC siapiapa uh ahi Sia Ral Buai ii tanu tawh kiteng hi.
- A zipen lasiam minthang Sung Tin Par tawh pa ki unau uh hi (Sung Tin Par ii papi' tanu hi)
- Zophei te ahih man in Zomi mudah lua lawmlawm loding hi. Chin nadeih lua hi leh Chin party te ah lut ngeelngeel ding hi.
- NLD pan ahih man in Chin te hi cih pah theihna ding om tuanlo.
- NLD ii deihna mah azuih kul ding hi

Zomite ih thungetnate Pasian in hong dawng mah hi veve hi. Lungkim tek ni. Ei' ading in Pasian in asia hong gelsak hetlo ding hi

Lungdam
Mung Laan Thang/ Pu Thang
Tawmvei
Florida, USA

Political Science ngah Lungdampihna

Zomi minam vai ah mimuan huai gige khat ahi Pu Tual Khan Suan Tongciin khuami in a teenna Tennessee ah Political Science tawh Middle Tennessee State University pan hong Graduated a hih manin lungdampihna kong tangko hi.

Pu Tual Khan Suan (Suanpi) pen Tennessee Zomi sungah makai hong semsem zel aa, tu laitak Zomi Innkuan USA gam sungah Vice President a sem laitak ahih ban-ah Zomi Innkuan Tennessee ah Secretary a sep laitak zong ahihi. Kawlgam ah B.A zo khin hiam khat in ka thei aa(a hih keileh ngaidam), Lailam ki va mahmah khat leh mi ci taktak mahmah ahihna a sang kahpih Rev.Ciin Sian Khai Th.D in USA ah hong pai lai-in hong gen ngei hi.

Galkap ki-ukna pan suahtakna dingin:

(i) All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) kipawlna leh,

(ii) Network for Democracy and Development (NDD) sungah kipum piak in Kawlgam a ding na sem tinten hi.

Political lam ah Zomite thahat semsem in Zogam Zomi hong khangcing sak ding Pasian in a tate Tha hong dim kikta hen. A lungdampih...

Thawn Tuang
Nashville TN USA
Dec 27,2015

Zomi leh Zomism Khaicii

Sanggam Ngaih Ngaungaute,


"Zomi" kammal-pen 2006 kumbei-a kipan naakpi-in minam sung-ah honglaang-in hong kipaksak (popular) mahmah-a, internet maaitang hongluah thei-in, minam kikheelna tuihual hong kipan ahihi. Tua tuihual-in sung-ah Zomi huamna singkhuah suangtum honpi khat-zong naakpi-in hong kinuai hong kizuuk khawm-a, aliam-lawh abaai-lawh honpi khat-zong om-hi.


Minam Kikheelna Tuihual hong thahaat sakding Pasian-in 2014 Kawlgam Census (Misimna) hong piangsak-a, "Chin nuai-a code malsim neu khat-tawh luut zawzeen kei-ni, Zomi nampi-a akipat-khiat nading athak-in 914-ah gelh-ni" ci-in tuihual hong thahaat tektek-a, akilawm khom ciangkhat lawhcinna kimu-hi. 914 tuihual inzong singkhuah suangtum honkhat-mah taai ahihman-in aliam-lawh abaai-lawh khenkhat om leuleu-hi.


Minam Kikheelna Tuihual hong thahaat zomto-a, hong tawsawn ding-in Pasian-in Kawl Gamukte zangh-in 2015 Kiteelna hongbawl leuleu-hi. Hih kiteelna akipat nading Election Commission te-in "Zomi omkei" acih huhau-in Zomism khaicii akituh khinsa Australia Zomite, Malaysia Zomite leh Japan Zomite-in "Asia-Pacific Zomi Committee" min-tawh amau' omna ciat-a Kawlgam Palaai Phualpi teng-ah mimal kuan-in otna, deih ngetna leh laiphah puakluutna kibawl-a, asawtlo-in, "Zomi ommah, atheikhial-kha hi-ung" cihthu kiza-in Zomi movement khat alawhcing suak-hi.


2015 Kiteelna takciang-in minam kikheelna tuihual-pen ahual hi nawnlo-in ahaa bekbek phuul vanvan-a, naakpi-in so ziahziah-a, singkhuah suangtum hi nawnlo-in nahthel leh niin bulomte tui-in peii ziahziah-hi.Tuiso hongdaih ciang-in Zomism' sang-in mimal leh akhua, akual, abeh, pau awsuah peuh bulphuh-a tuihual tawn-a laamna dianna hong kilangh-hi, banghanghiam cihleh Zomism-tawh kisai defining and identifying (akhiatna khiatzia leh sehtuahna) lamsang-ah -ism thuguipi -logo-logy khaicii hoihtak kituh manlo-in apuatham sosat heet-huutna ziak hikha dinghi.


Minam Kikheelna Tuihual-pen kizom laai-hi, ahizong-in tuihual luanzia adik keileh guunpiau-a leihoihteng taai-keengmang khading-a, aguh tengbek thaam-in atakteng Tui Kaangpi tawn-in Irrawady Guun tungsuk mang khading lauhuai-hi. Zomism Leicial/Leilet/Zaanglei bawl kipan keilehang leihoihteng beimang khading-hi. Lei kaaiding bawngtal lawital neita hang-a, tua I' bawngtal I' lawital teng-in lei hoihtak hongkaih kei ngeingeileh ankung peuhmah hongdawng loding, khang loding, paak loding, tatah-in huut mang ding-a, tak neilo dinghi.


Leilet akaaiding bawltalte leh lawitalte amansa-in omhi. Tuilam tawh loh-in leicial kikaai zolo dinghi. Leicial-ah tui ahi ideology, theory, practical strategy kicing tak-in aluanleh lei kalhnuam ding-a, lei hoihtak kikalleh khacii po-in dawng hilhhelh ding-a, gah tampi honggah dinghi. Khaicii ahihleh uutna peuh-ah kikhia-thei, kivawh-thei, kituh-thei mahhi, ahizong-in leihoih, hoihtak-a akikal dikdek leitang, tui cihte lo-in kia mawkmawk lel-a, zusa vasa-in aneekmang keileh muat lelding ahihi. Tua ahihman-in leikal/leikaai ding-a akiging khinsa bawngtalte leh lawitalte hoihtak an pia-in, thahaatsak lehang Zomism Leitang hoihtak kikal ding-a, khaicii hoihtak po-in pung thei dinghi.


Zomism Khaicii tuhding kimlaai mah-sah-lah khaicii-te, taanglaai sila kikhawi hunlaai-a tote' kalsuanzia uplehsaanna khaicii-te, "tungsiah maaivil nuaisiah simmawh" uplehsaanna khaicii-te, "leiiba leh sakha nuainung" khaicii-te, "nopawl kopawl" khaicii-te, "no' pau, ko' pau" khaicii-te akipan minam leh nang leh kei kikaal-a gii hong khungthei khaicii-tepeuh I' vawhkhaak hetlohding lunggulhna-tawh,


Zomi Pasian' Thupha!


Zokhai

Guankipsa Ngaihsutzia leh Ngaihsutzia Akhanna

Fixed Mindset & Growth Mindset
(Guankipsa Ngaihsutzia leh Ngaihsutzia Akhanna)

"Mindset" akici laibu-pen leitung-a kansuutna (research) bawlna lamsang-ah azaipen leh amuibunhpen makaai khat-a akiseh Carol S. Dweck, Ph.D. -in agelhkhiat laibu hi-a, Stanford University-ah Lewis & Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology aseem khat ahihi.

Hih laibu-pen Health Science course khempeuh-ah kisin-in, Psychology thusinna khempeuh-ah akisin khat hi-a, khangno English siam khempeuh-in athuukpi-in ahikei zong-in "Change your mindset" laiguui bangpen simding leh theihding akisam mahmah ahihi. Zomite diakdiak-in naakpi-a akisap thuguipite kihel sitset-a, khantohna' ading thuguipite ahihi.

Zomite ataangpi 1948 kum-a kipan tuciang Mah-Sah-Lah Khuaknimna (Brainwashing) ziak-in "Fixed mindset ~ akiguangcip, akisehkip, agawcip ngaihsutzia" vive-tawh akikalsuan ahihna ciantak-a I-theih takciang-in "Changing mindset ~ ngaihsutzia kheelna" piang theipan ding-a, tua takciang-in acidam lungsim leh ngaihsutna lam-ah kihei theipan dinghi.

Na' ngaihsutzia akip bikbek tepawl ahihiam ahihkeileh khanlam manawh ngaihsutzia-lam ahihiam cih naki ze-et nopleh anuai-a link-ah nangma' ngaihsutzia lungsiang tak-in nana ki- ze-et lecin "maan lian-hi" cihpanna ahihloh hang-in "ice-berg" akici akitheilo akimulo abupi' pan-a among dawk ciuciau khat na-mu theiding-hi.

Leitung a-uk mite' pilna leh siamna akici khempeuh ataangpi amau' ngaihsutzia akheelthei mite (those who can change their mindset) vive hi uh-a, ama' ngaihsutzia update (thaksuah) den, khang tuihual-tawh atonkhawm thei ding-a haanciam-den, ama' zaaksa, saanna, theihsa thute "maan-hiam., sepsintheih-hiam (right, practicable)" cih sittel theiden ahihman-in akisepsin theilo nate asaankipna-uh phel thei-in, aki sepsinthei kalsuanzia lam-ah kheel thei uhhi.

Kawlgam khanzil-a Khuaknimna (Zokhai, T. 2015) laibu sung-ah akigelh mahbang-in gentehna khat-ah: Zomi ataangpi' sung-ah hongki guangkip bikbek khat:

"Tungsiah maaivil, nuaisiah ukcip., agualzote maaivil, aguallelte paampaih" hih bekbek en lehang, mindset akici ngaihsutzia hualpi-pen khantohlam manawh hetlo-in Fixed Mindset ~ akikheencip siiktukkilh bang-in kip bikbek laai ahihlam kimu thei-hi. Hih mindset-pen taanglaai BC kum 3000 leh AD 1000 kikaal-a mi athatzo teng lubawk, mi alelteng sila-a kizat Hun Hualpi sung-a kalsuanzia hi-a, tuhun' ading-in khasiat-huai luadeuh-hi.

Ahizong-in ahizong-in ahizong-in, asiate sia toto-in, ahoihte hoih toto tahen, ZEISU Hongpai Dektak Ta-hi! Maranatha!!!

Zokhai

Pu Thang Lian Pau itna leh zahtakna

Zomi Innkuan USA kipawlna in, Zogam leh Zomi-te a’ding a nasem Zogam Galkapte makaih a Zomi-te tui bang kigawmkik zawhna ding hanciam in mapang, gam leh minam itna tawh kipumpiak Minam Makaipi Pu Thang Lian Pau pen itna lak in zahtakna pia ding, a Pawlpi leh a Maban thapiakna thu a sut dingin, Zogam lasiam minthang B. Muan Ngaihte Palai in kicial hi. 

Dec. 2, 2015 ni in Pawlpi phualpi Songtal ah Palai B. Muan Ngaihte vahawh thei a, Pu Thang Lian Pau leh Makaite tawh cidam lungnuam takin itna ankuang va-umkhawm thei uhhi. 

Palai B. Muan Ngaihte in Zomi Innkuan USA kipawlna tang’in zahtakna piakna leh holimna picing takin hong neihsak thei hi. Palai B. Muan Ngaihte tung ah nakpi takin kilungdam hi. 

Pu Thang Lian Pau zong cidam thahat takin gam leh minam mabante picing takin mapang zo cih thu kizakik a kilungdam mahmah hi.
EC/ZIUSA

ZCD Gualzawh Topa tung Zomi bup lungdamkohna Pawipi kibawl ding

ZCD gualzawh Topa tung Zomi bup in lungdamkohna Pawipi December 11,2015 ni Tedim Khuapi ah thupui tak in kibawl ding a, Zogam khua tuamtuam pan Pawisiim kipai zihziah ding ahihman in zin 1,500 pan atungsiah pha ding in kilam en hi.

Hih Zomi Bup lungdam kohna pawipi ah Thugenpi ding in USA gam pan Zosiam Pu Rev Pau Khan Khai ongleeng ciaiciai ding hi.

Hih Pawipi sung ah zatding in Anuai a Minam it ten piakkhiatna nei uhhi.

1.Rev Dr Do Suan Mung Ks/100,000
2.Rev Dr Nang Sian Mung Ks/40,000
3.Phaileeng ZCD Ks/25,000
4.Pu Gin Kam Lian Ks/500,000
5.Pu Thang Deih Khup Ks/500,000
6.Pu Thang Lian Lam Ks/40,000
7.Pu Hung Mang Sial khat
8.ZIUSA-$-?
9.ZIS-$-?
10.ZAM-$-?

Tualo Darkhai ah Bawng 5 kigoding ,

Talek, Tumui,Zampi khuate ah zong ani kibang lo in kibawl tek ding hi.

# ZCD in hibang gualzawhna ong ngah peen ataktak in Zomi khempeuh gualzawhna hi a ilungdam ding ahihi. Pawlkhat in NLD ten zong pawibawlllo pi ZCD in kidop huai peuhcin a awngawng ki om hi. NLD leh ZCD genteh cih limlim pan telsiam ziau ni. ZCD paakta mello te hi cihsan mai ni. NLD in nisim phial pawibawl cihkhawng azakha lo hilel ding hi#


Thang Khawm Pau Zomi

Zomite' Doding Gaal Nam 4

Zomite' Doding Gaal Nam 4.


Zomite-in khalam gaal hitaleh minam gaal hitaleh kiuknalam gaal hitaleh sahkhualam gaal (spiritual foe, national foe, political foe, social foe) hih gaal 4-te kinei-a, khatbeek I-zawh om naailo thamlo-in I-do vet naailoh tamzaw-hi cih kei mimal muhlehsaanna ahihi.


Amasa-in minam khat hihna-tawh doding gaal, mimal hihna-tawh doding gaal, Khazihmi hihna-tawh doding gaal, innkuan hihna-tawh khua-khat hihna-tawh cih-a kipan gaal tuamtuam om-a, tuate I-theihloh man-in tampi kitukalhna-in Zomite hong nuakaai sak-in, hong tuantual sak-hi.


Gentehna-in, mimal gaaldona-ah akizanghthei mimal kinopmawhna-pen pawlpi-pih khuapih, party or organisation-pih hihna gaal akisak khaakden man-in mimal ki-elna tepawl tua kipawlna or khua huam-ah hongki tonpih lengleng ciang-in apiang ding-a kilawmlo leh akisam vetlo thusia-in hong toknawi den-hi.


Tua ahihman-in Zomite-in doding akisam leh akuul gaalte adeidei, adaldal-a theih masakding leh gaalte' munlehmual zil-a do siamding kisin talehang kiziakaai naailo-hi. Kipuahphatna-ah ziakaailua leh lap nawnlo cihbang om ngeilo-a, I-kipuah hunhun-in agah aki-at pahding ahihi.


Minam Gaal:


Minam akigen ciang-in "minam" hi-a, innkuan, beh, khua leh kual/kuam, awsuah kidang paulehhaan khatbek ahuam hilo ahihlam phawkthak kisam-hi. Zomi ngialbang-pen sisan gui-tawh akizom diudeute kihi-a, National level-a I-promote-nop, I-tawisaannop minam-pen tribe (behguipi khat) zah-a akinaai, akimat akizomte hisawnsawn I-hih man-in gaalte theician lehang buai nading peuhmah omlo-in innkuan vaaihawm-a akivaaihawmthei ahihi.


Bangzah-in kimat I-hiam cihleh Gualnam akici beh-pen awsuah kidang Dim, Saaizaang, Siyang, Teizaang, Paite sung-ah om-a, Samte akici beh-zong Siyang, Losau leh Zo sung-ah om-in, Guite-zong Paite-a kipan awsuah kidang tuamtuam thamlo-in Zomi ahihlam akithei nawnlo Falam lak-ahzong adiil-in om-a, Falam or Laizo kisa khinliang uhhi (Hih-pen sisan khat hinapi hang-in geographical distinction ziak-a akikheel awsuah leh ngeina pomna ahihi).


Hih Zomi I-cihcih minam-in adoding (minam khat hihna-tawh doding) gaalpen ei unau sung-a awsuah kidanna-peuh, akhua akuam kidanna-peuh, party vaai-peuh kisa khaden-a, naakpi-in kikhial-hi. Hih minam' doding gaal-pen "Minam Lian Khat" I-hihna hong vuknelhnuam thuneite hi-a, thauvuui thautang-tawh do sese lohsa-a pilna leh thukhun omsate-tawh doding ahihi. Minam' doding-pen kipawk khalo-in eisung kidanna kiaukiaute-peuh naakpi-in I-kidodo uh-a, tawtawng-a aki-om laai-a Tualgaal tanzil-ah kidiah kiik ding-in alawp mahmahbang omleh kilawm tazen hihang.


Minam khat hihna-tawh I-doding gaal-pen kihai thutuah ciang zong-tawh kikaaptuuk zolo ding-a, leitung buppi huam-a akikhung diimdiam thukhunpite leh thukhaam tuamtuamte, socialisation leh civilisation concept akici tualsung sahkhua khangkhaanna thuguipite naakpi-a sinna leh zatna bek-tawh aki kaaptuuk zo bekding ahihi. Gam khat saatsawm ngial lehang International level I-cih kangkang siamsinna gaalvan khauhpente hi-a, tuate nei naailo I-hih man-in tua gaalvante kitawmtawm talehang minam' maailam hizaw dinghi. Hih gaalvante I-neih mateng political party-peuh, awsuah kidanna-peuh cianglel-tawh akibuaibuai mahding ahihi. Gaalvan kaihkhop kipan ta-ni!


Khalam Gaal:


St. Paul-in Ephesian te' kiang-ah, "Eite' dogaal-in taksalam hilo khalam-hi" acih mahbang-in biakna lamsang pawlpi khempeuh-in adoding gaal atheih kuul-hi. Zomi pawlpi tuamtuamte-in agaal-uh thei kisa napi-in dolo uh-a, dolohding pawlpi dangte-peuh dodo lel, khalam gaaldona peuhmah kigen nawnlo, tuahphatna-peuh pulpit-ah suutsuut, mang-peuh suutsuut, meeltheih sungkuante khatpeuh mawk phatphat, amauleh-amau kiphatphat cihciang-tawh kalsuan-uh ahihman-in adoding-uh "pumpi deihna nialna" mangngilh uhhi. 


I' doding gaal I-mangngilh nungsang cikteh gualzo ngeiding I-hihiam! Khalam gaaldo ding kimlaai, taksa lamsang mawk dodo-in, minam lak khawng-ah mun-peuh tutphah-peuh va-iiplah tautau cihbang-in alehlam-ah akipaipai man-in Zomite' Khalam Gaaldona-pen kipawlnazil kizotna (organisational campaign)-peuh suaklel mawk-hi. Tua ahihman-in tua pawlpi-in adang pawlpi-tawh gii kikhung sitset-in, atoii mahmah political party kalsuan bang-in kalsuan kimphial-hi. Hihte' ziak-in Pasian' Maaipha kingah lo-a, khalam leh taksalam anihtuak-in kiamsukna kilawh-hi.


Tua ahihman-in biakna pawlpi ahihleh adoding gaal thei tahen. Ephesian 6:12 sung simkiik henla, Khalam Gaal, Pasian' Gaallum (armor of God: Ephesian 6:12 - 17) phawkthak henla zangh tahen. Tua hileh dogaal palbang kinangzo bekding-a, minam buppi-in thupha kisaanlawh zawding-hi. Pawlpi' doding-pen pawlpi dangte hilo-in Dawimaangpa hi-a, Dawimaangpa' gui-pen duhhopna, huaihamna, angsungtheihna, kiphatsakna, kiliatsakna, mi simmawhna, sumduhna, mindeihna, kikheemna, zuaugenna, meigong tagahte neumuhna leh simmawhna, tutna saangpen-a tutnopna, khutlam etna leh phuisamna, cbt ahihi. Hihte do lopi-in "Khalam Gaal" kizo ngeilo dinghi.


Kiuknalam Gaal:


Kiuknalam Gaal-pen Zomi hong-uk, hong thuneihkhum kiukna ahoihpen ding-a phuutna ahihi. Atom-in, democracy kiukna-tawh hong ki-uk theih nading, minam khat hihna-tawh self-determinition akici eile-ei kivaaipuakna, I' gam leitang tung-ah eima' thuneihna cihte hong-uk gamukte (government)  tung pan-in ngetkhiatna cihte kiuknalam gaal I-do dingte ahihi. Tua ahihman-in kiukna zil-a Minister kituhna, Member of Parliament kituhnate-in hih gaaldona-a pansan (thaukaap ciang-a muiituum I-khaak nading tutna, khuuk ngakna, thaulawng aliinglo ding-a bih zonna) kituhna ahihi.


Zomi sung-ah MP leh Minister kituhnate tua minam gaaldo nading-a pansan laakna ahi kimlaai tualam-ah pai meello-in khua, khawk, beh, pawlpi cihciang huam-a kidona-peuh hong-om litlit zawsop-a, tua kiuknalam gaaldo nading-a pansan laakna-pen khua khatle-khat, pawlpi khatle-khat, beh, awsuah cih nengneng kaap nading-peuh hongsuak thei-hi. 


Tua hi-a, kiukna lam-a pansan kituhna-ah akihel party makaai khempeuh-in amau' kaapding gaal theibek hilo-a akaap keileh minam sung-a buaina ciangbek-mah lawh leldinghi. 1947 kum-a kipan Zomi sung-ah kiukna lamsang gaal ado minam minsel-in omlo-a, a-om theih nading inzong Kawl Gamukte-in amaan kiteelna tungtawn-a pansante munpia lo-in, minam-in tuantual lawh-hi. Tu-in ahihleh Gamukte-in NLD' khut-ah kiukna apiak takpileh Zomite-zong kiukna gaaldona lam-ah pansan neihsunsun-tawh kikaap theiding lametna om-hi. 


Sahkhualam Gaal:


"Sahkhualam" cih kammal-pen  T. Zokhai (2009) "Sahkhuasiamzil (Sociology)" pan-a akipulaak kammal-thak ahihi. Sahkhua cihciang-in nisim nuntaakna, kalsuanna, innkuan, lawmlehgual, veenglehpaam-tawh kizopzia, tualsung leh tualleenphung (community and society) khuasakzia cihte ahuampi-a genna ahihi. Sahkhualam Gaal-pen: thuhoihte ahoih-a muhtheihna, asiate asia-a muhtheihna, thumaan lunggulhna, khatle-khat (ki-it taktak takeileh) kikhualna, kithuzaaktuahna, kizopna cihte asiasak ki-elna, kigaalneihna, taanglaaithu ziak-a ki-gaalbawlna, kilangbawlna, midang khat' sila suahna, mi khawituamna, khawituam mi suahna, amaan akhial khentel lo-a akimuam bangbang sihpih ngamna, gamtatluheek akilawm awlmawhlohna cihte ahihi.


Sahkhualam doding gaal-pen atanzil hongsaang simsim-a, Zomi sung-ah kimeeltheih naai khollo-hi, banghanghiam cihleh Sahkhuasiamzil lam-ah siamsinmi khutme-zahzong kipha naailo-a, apaizia, ahualpi luanzia kithei naailo-hi. Nuntaak khuasakna, nisim nuntaakna, veenglehpaam-tawh kizopna apiicing zawding, akhauh zawding, akinaai zawding, amuiibunh zawding cihte-a kipan khatle-khat kizopna khangkhaanna ahihi. Inntungte' omzia theihpih, akhasiatna veipih, alungdamna nuampih thei-a, innnuaipa' veinate-zong theihpih, awlmawhpihna cihte abulpi ahihi. Inntungpa innnuaipa cih nungsang innkuan khat sung-ah zii leh pasal, nulehpate leh tate' kaalthu-in sahkhuasiamzil bulpi ahihi. 


Hih innkuan kizopna acidam loh-in veenglehpaam-tawh kizopna cidam theilo-a, veenglehpaam-tawh kizopna acidam loh-in, pawlpi leh kipawlna kizopna cidam cihbang om ngeilo-hi. Tua ahihman-in kizopna acidam nading kal akisam bang-a suan siamding kisam-hi. Mimal kizopna acidam takciang-in tualsung hong cidam thei ding-a, tualsung acidam naakleh innnuaipa-in Tual Biakna azuui zong-in, inntungpa-in Milim Biakna azuui zong-in veenglehpaam hihna' ading-a akilawm kizopna kinei siam ahihman-in tua biakna-in hong nawngkaaisak nawnlo-hi. Kongpa-in Teizaang awsuah azangh zong-in, phaaitampa-in Zo awsuah azangh zong-in veenglehpaam hihna-tawh akilawm kizopna kinei siam peuhleh tua akidang awsuahte-in hong buaisak nawnlo dinghi.


Tu-in, I-do dingte thei-ta I-hih man-in dodingte nangawn do naailo pi-in dolohding tata dosawm nawnlo-in, dodingte do nading gaalvan kisam bangbang hahkat-in zong meengmeeng-a gaaldo kipatding hunta-hi. Kipan photphot lehang nuamsa kisa-in, "Nii-aw, na khawl laai-in, kha-aw, Aijalon kuam-ah nana dingcip laai-in, ka' gaalpa' khutsung pan-in ka' gamlei ka-ngah mateng," ci-in I-hunbang hawmthawh mahmahding hihang! 



Zomi Pasian' Thupha!


Zokhai


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Zomite' Dinmun ding

Guai,

E'n zong ngaihsut huai kasak khat, ASSK in interview a dotna a dawnna ah tu a mipi' telcing MPte pen "makai" cihding deih hetlo hi.

Ahih hang mipi in i phawk ding khat om veve a, i tangmi ding a i teel MPte pen ei' tang a ding ding, kampau ding a i muan a i teel ahi hi. Amau mahmah in ASSK genbang in "ko mipi' tangmi hi ung, mipi (note') nasem ding hi ung" ong ci phial uh ahi zong in mipi' "sawltak/ sila / sal " hilo hi... cih phawk gige huai hi.

Tua ahih leh bangci ding? Bangci bang a pangkhawm thei ding?

I MPte'n ee, mipi' deihna bangci septheih ding? Mipi in ee MPte bangci panpih thei ding? Democracy zia leh tong tawh kituak a mipi' deihna leh mipi' tha tawh nasepna ding ah pankhop zia ding i ngaihsut mahmah ding thu tampi om ding hi. Tuate' lak ah -

Mipi lam pan -


Nidang in i nette sung ah lai ki-at pawlkhat i etkik ciang, mi pawlkhat in amah kua hiam cih zong a kithei lo, kipawlna min tawh lah hilo in utteng khat at suk, kipawlna makaite'n ama' cih bangbang a sep lianlian loh ciang "mipi' thu manglo" ci a kopaat suk gawp cihbang dan simkha mun simsim hi hang. Amah leh amah/ ei leh ei mimal ihih lam mangngilh in mipi kisa kha thei hihang.

Makai lampan -

Makai pawlkhat leuleu ciang lah thuneihna khempeuh amau' thu, acih khempeuh uh mipi in akawi amam a zuipah ding, mangpah ding cihbang in lam-en leuleu a, amau' cihbang bang a kiman' lianlian loh ciang " ka thu ong mang kei le uhteh makai a nong teel uh bang ding hiam" cipah lanlan leuleu zong om thei zeuhzeuh hi.

Singapore ah -

Singapore pen suahtakna ngah a, gam khat a adin' 1965 a kipan PAP party khat bek in a uk suaksuak gamneu khat ahi hi. Tukum in kum 50 cin' Golden Jubilee bawl uh hi. Tuatan vei ukna za len party khat hi napi a Party makaite leh a MPte mahmah uh kiphasak hetlo mawk uh hi. Mipi' deihna sep ding thupi sak mahmah uh hi. Agam mipi thupi ngaihsut mahmah uh hi.

Tuni ciang dong mah MPte in amau' constituency sung a mipi tawh kizopna nakpi tak hanciam uh hi. A vengveng ah nitak sim, mi' nasep mankhit hun in pai kawikawi uh a "meet the people session" nei den uh hi. Mipi tawh kimu ngiat in, mipi' kisap theihkhiat sawm uh hi. Tua "meet the people" hun ah mimal vai a kipan veng vai, gambup vai dong in mipi in a ut bangbang uh gen, ngen, kuppih, ngaihsutna pulak thei uh hi.

MPte sun a zumkah lo, nasem lo hi hetlo a, mipi' nasep man khit ciang amau nasep kipan san lai uh hi. Na naksep mahmah uh hi. MP hikhin ahih ciang a, a ki mai-et ding khawng ngak a awmpho pheuphau a tu lenlan deksuai lo uh hi. MP asep ma zah nih in nasem uh hi.

Hihbang mipi tawh kizopna pen amau' mun leh mual tawh kituak a abawl uh hun geelzia ahi hi. Ei' gam ah bel hihbang lian hithei sam ke'n cia. Ahih hang i gennop bel MPte'n mipi a thupi simna leh mipi in MPte tawh a nasepkhop zia uh a gen nuam ihi hi.

Tu tadih ei' context tawh kituak in, mipi in i lunggulh khempeuh net leh email pan ahi zong in, facebook leh kizop kihona tuamtuam pan ahi zong in, lamdung leh niangtuisai ah ahi zong in, zum leh nasepna, lokhawh singpuakna ah ahi zong in, gen zelzul ding hang a, i MPte in tuateng khinkhai in masak ding leh nunun' ding ong haih ding uh a, amau' ngaihsutna tawh gawmkhawm in i gam leh i minam mailam ding a hoih pen ong sem, ong phuding uh... cihpen i lam-etna ahi hi.

Mipi in zong ei' cih peuhpeuh ong pian' zatzat kei leh MPte mawhsak gawp pah ding hi tuan samlo ding hi. Amau ei' sang ngaihsutna tampi zakhawm, theikhawm zaw ding uh a, ei sang zong na ngaihsun zaw tham ding uh hi.

Tua ahihman in i MPte mahmah in mipi' ading na khat peuhpeuh ong sep, ong vaihawm uh ciang mipi in ei' ngaihsutna tawh ki kelki phial taleh nuaksan hetlo ding hihang. I lungkim hetkei leh zong phunphun sa mah in a numg uh zui in panpih ding hihang. I lungkim zawhlohna gen kawmkawm sa mah in panpih ding, dinpih ding hihang. Ama phutna uh a tangtun theihna ding a ei' seppih theih a om leh phunphun sa mah in i hihtheih tawp tawh panpih, seppih veve ding hihang. Tua in i minam bup manawtna ah ong daupai sak ding, ong mazang sak ding hi.

Opps!..... Ong sau lua zel ei!

pks

Zomi/ZCD thu sung ding, kei hoih ka sak thu khun pawl khat I

Dear ZCD/Zomi pih te,



Zomi/ZCD thu sung ding, kei hoih ka sak thu khun pawl khat


Kei hoih sak dan. Deih nget zong a nget dan siam leng, hong pia ding te leh mipi/midang te muh na ah zong ki lawm zaw se hi.


1. State ai dang a Radio/TV program cih te pen tua state/division sung a om mipi a tam pen in a tel ding kampau/lai zat ding. Kumpi Radio/TV zopau hong pia un e cih sang, a mui bun zaw tam? Hong pia ding te a ding in zong hong piak dan nuam ding.


2. District Myo (Town) pen tua district sung a om mipi te ading a senpi pen/deih pen Town a koih ding. A ki sap leh tua distruct sung a teng mipi ten vote/mee pia ding. Hi pen democracy dan hi a, hong pia ding te a ding in zong hong piak dan nuam ding.


3. State/Town khat sung a om na khat peuh peuh pen tua state or union government in nei ding. A kisai lo State/Division khat in gal vai hawm lo ding. (Genteh na: Chin state, Tedim gam leitang tung a om University pen Tedim University mah hi pah lel ding. Kalay University ci bang zang lo ding.)



4. Lampi a ki tam zat pen (motor a tam pai pen) te puah ma sak ding. Usapi(Priority) a puah/lam ding. Gangaw-Hakha (Hakha-Falam-Kale) sang Kale-Tedim-Rih motor tam pai zaw na pi in, lam ki puah lo zaw. U lian pi te Hakha bek ah teng uh a, a mau a ding a senpi ding bek ngaih sun lo a, mipi a tam thei thei hamphat na ding hong ngaih sut nang.


5. Kumpi zum/ head quarter te zong capital bek ah koih lo in, khua tuam tuam ah zong koih ding. (Eg. tun zong Naypidaw ah kumpi zum tampi a om hang, Ygn ah zong om lai ve ve) tua dan in a senpi na mun te ah a ki zat theih na ding. Eg. Tedim pen Chin State Commercial Capital. Hakha Politial Capital, tui lam khual zin na lam zumpi (Chin state water transportation head office) Paletwa ah ci dan e.


US ah Washing DC ah kumpi zum, New York ah UN Zum ci dan hi a, Australia bang hi leh Canberra a kumpi zum, Melbourne pen sport capital leh Sydney pen Commercial capital ci dan in ki zang lel hi. Na khem peuh capital a koih kul se lo. Australia PR bang a siau(apply) ding hi leng, Asia lam teng Syndey zum ah, Africa lam teng Adelaide lam ci dang in zum/na sep khen bawl uh hi. Ei zong Chin state zumpi khem peuh Hakha ah om kul khin se se lo.


Chin state ah khua kim a khang toh na ding, a hun hun in parliament meeting te zong a kua a kua ah bawl ding. Kei up mawh na ah, hi bang in gen leng Hakha lo teng in hong thu kim pih lel ding a, ei a ding hamphat na khat hong hi pah ding hi.


6. Budget tam pi nei lo pi pi Nyipidaw/Hakha ah u lian te a ding special medical care (athukuh) lam na ding sum tampi bei ma sa sak lo ding. khua neu khua ta te a ding basic medical care a ding zang masa ding. U lian khat pek 1, mizawng meigong khat pek 1. Mi 100 om na khua pi ah pek 100 a ki zat leh mi 10 om na khua ta ah pek 10 zang ding. mi khat pek 1 tawh pai theih na ding.


7. Khangto na lam sum/budget pen a khangto nai lo mun/gam te pia masa (usapi) ding. (eg. Chin State,  - kawlgam bup ah lai thei lo a tam pen 2 na hong ki ci - Tedim)


Muh dan ki bang lo/ muh dan tuam tuam te zong za nuam hang ei. Hong at tek vo.


Lai at,

Mungsen

Chin State Teelcing NLD leh ZCD

Sanggam Ngaihteng,


Kiteelna result Chin State-ah NLD leh ZCD hong madawk ziak-in naakpi-in mipi kilungdam ciat-hi. Tua kawm-in "C" Party kimelhcip ahihna-zong kilangh-a, tua tung-ah Zomi khenkhat pau-nuam simsim hihang. Tua' tung-ah ngaihsut ding-a kilawm om khading cih mimal muhlehsaanna themcik hong pulaak leuleu-ing. Makaaite thuhilh-nuam cihbang hilo-in mimal muhna pulaak theihna Zaleenna I'lungdeih ahih-tawh kituak-a Freedom of Speech zatsinna ahihi.


Chin State-ah "C Party" te-in mun angahlohna aziak om-a, C khempeuh-in NLD buak-huan, bawhhuan-uh cihna ahihi. Amaute-pen Kawlgam nai-ngan-ye ah kileesak (lulee-seem) mahmahte hi uh-a, Chin State Palaaipi ding-in DASSK-in Pu Chin Sian Thang akoih khaakleh manpower-tawh akhaaktan nading-a ageelkhol hikha mawhlo dinghi. Democracy hong paulam ding-a, meé mah-tawh, mipi tamzaw' thukimna mah-tawh kutna hongbawl khading-hi. 


U Nu-in PM hongngah ciang-in constitution sung-ah, "PM-in State  Palaaipi sehziau thei-hi" cih om-a, Capt, Mang Tung Nung-in mipi' teelna angaak man-in Mindat-te Sing Thang' kiang-ah, "Ka' party-ah hong luut-in, State Palaaipi hongpia-ning" ci-in ama' thu-in koih ziau-hi. Myanma-Nii Myanma-Haan Democracy ahihman-in hithei-hi. Tu-a kiteelna pan-a thuneihna kipiak nading-ah 2008 Constitution dik-in khial taleh zuihding honghi photphot ding-hi, tualo-in thuneihna kipia khollo dinghi, banghanghiam cihleh Gen. Min Aung Hlaing-a kipan gaalkaap ulianpiteng leh national party khenkhat-in "no one is above the Law" cidenta uh-a, "Law" acih-uhpen 2008 C-mah hilel-hi.


Thuneihna kisaankhiat nading zungpi-pen 2008 C-tawh kituak-a sepsuahding cih-tawh kalding mitmuh hi-a, tua thukimna limkaih masiah thuneihna kipiakhia khollo dinghi. Thuneihna NLD-in angah masak loh-in Constitution puah/laih theilo dinghi. Hih kaalthu biilbialte baan-a, NLD makaaipi DASSK' thu bek-tawh Chin State Palaaipi ding hong sehkip zenzenleh NLD gun asilhziau C te-in naakpi-in hong kitom ding-a, democracy lamzing maan hongkal deep dinghi. "Bangmah lawhzo kenteh" cihding hikhin loding-a, thu-pen thu mah-tawh vaanveng hong kisam veve khading-hi.


Zomite-pen thu khatpeuhpeuh-ah hi kisa baihlua pahpah, tagah nawi-muh pahpah thei hang-a, bangmahpi ahilo agentehna mawkmawk-in naute-in saanginn khawng pan-a hongngah "participation award" cianglel nangawn "award" thupi-keei bang-a ataangko gawppaat, citizenship certificate-khawng kawmtung-a asuang leulau, cert 1, 2, 3 khawng asuang lenlan phadiakte kihi sese-a, masuan khatpeuh aliim avaang, agimnam nangawn I' diik ma-in I-uangtat zeel man-in I-tawntun ma-in thusia-in honglawh theizeel-hi.


Zomi-pen Nampi ahih nading-in amihingte-in nampi lungsim-tawh kampau gamtat aneih siamding ahihi. Thu omzia, thu paizia, khuahun kiheizia lungngai thei-a, nampite' kidop bang-in tapkual-a ciakciak-a hi kisakna ciangbek-tawh hilo, minam zil-a hong langpan mite' geelna bang-om cihte kansiam-a theih akuul ahihi. Tua ziak-in gamliante-in intelligent koikoi-ah akoih diimdiam-uh ahihi. I' langte-in bang geel, I' gaalte-in bang ngiim cihte theilo-a kipummuanna-in minam cimh sakding ahihman-in thukan akikoih ahihi. Zomi sung ahzong Zomi-mah ahihkeileh Zopau asiam mahmah Laimite' thukan om luading-a, amau' lak-ah ei' khah thukan I-neih I-neihloh cihte naakpi-in thupi dinghi.


Kiteelna-ah C adawkloh-pen Laimite patauhtuak vetlo lel-a, thu khat hongpiangleh alampi ding-uh muhtuak mahmah lel-hi. Tua ahihman-in C hong dawkloh ziak-in kipummuan gawpding hilo zaw-a, kidop mahmahding hoihzaw khading cih mimal muhna ahihi. Mualmi thautawi kipawlna pan-in aki-khawlsak pakna khawngzong amau patau hetlo-a, amau' Kawlngian mah-tawh bangciang phuding cihte lamzing nei kisa mahmah khalel dinghi. Nguncunglian nangawn tuni dongmah Naypyitaw-ah innteek laai lel-a, ei' kipummuan gawpding sang-in hihbang mite etcik siam kisam zawtham cihna ahihi.


Zomi-pen kambek-tawh "Pasian" cih kipaksak mahmah-a, Pasian' deih zialehtongte kisin nuamlo zaw-in, Pasian' muhdah mahmah duhhopna, angsungtheihna, kiphatsakna, kiliatsakna, meigong tagah daaipaamte thu-a simlohna, zuaugenna cihte-tawh tualbial zihziah laai hihang. Minam vaai hitaleh, biakna vaai hitaleh kiukna vaai hitaleh thumaan cihtakna taktak-tawh thukhual-a thugen lasak siamding, kiimlehpaam-ah khuadaak zek-a, thugen lasak kidop siamding naakpi-in kisam-hi.


Zomi leh Zomi sung-ah ahihleh suakta tak-a lungdeih kisun/kigen ziahziah poilo-hi, thuhoih-hi, ahizong-in namdangte' muhna/zaakna-ah gending sakding giikhun siam-in, kimuanding akisap mahbang-in kidopding athupiitna phawk-a kalsuan theihding lunggulhna-tawh I-gelh ahihi. "Buiipi leikeii inzong khua ngaisung" paunaak phawkthak nihang! Deihdaan akituak keileh akituak theiding-in haanciam ciat-ni!


Zomi Pasian' Thupha!


Zokhai